J. Biochem, 1992, Vol. 112, No. 1 147-154
© 1992 Japanese Biochemical Society
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Molecular Evolution of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase for C4 Photosynthesis in Maize: Comparison of Its cDNA Sequence with a Newly Isolated cDNA Encoding an Isozyme Involved in the Anaplerotic Function1
*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Kyoyo, Kyoyo 606-01
**Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-01
***Protein Engineering Research Institute 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565
2To whom correspondence should be addressed
Molecular events associated with the evolution of an enzyme for C4 photosynthesis were investigated. In maize, at least three isozymes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [EC 4.1.1.31 [EC] ] are known: the C4-form, the C3-form and the root-form, being named according to their physiological roles and pattern of tissue distribution [Ting, I.P. & Osmond, C.B. (1973) Plant Physiol 51, 448–453]. A cDNA clone which presumably encodes the C3-form isozyme was newly isolated and analyzed. Comparison of the sequences of the C3-form and C4-form isozymes revealed that (i) the homologies in the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were 71 and 77%, respectively, and (ii) the gene for the C4-form isozyme evolved under strong G/C pressure. The genes for these isozymes were found to be located apart on different chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 8 amino acid sequences of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases from various sources. The topology of the tree indicated that, at least in monocots such as maize and sorghum, the genes for the C4-form and C3-form isozymes diverged from their common ancestral gene earlier than the monocot-dicot divergence (about 2 × 108 yr ago), though the divergence of maize (C4 plant) from wheat (C3 plant) is supposed to have occurred much later (6 × 107 yr ago).
1This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas and for Co-operative Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan and grants from Yamada Science Foundation, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. and Japan Tobacco Co., Ltd. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank under the accession number X61489 [GenBank] .
Present addresses: 2Institute for Life Sciences, Surnitomo Chemical Co., Takarazuka, Hyogo 665
Present addresses:3Mitsui Plant Biotechnology Research Institute, Taukuba, Ibaraki 305
Present addresses:4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka City Univereity, Osaka 558.
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