J. Biochem, 1998, Vol. 123, No. 1 1-15
© 1998 Japanese Biochemical Society
review-article |
New Types of Clotting Factors and Defense Molecules Found in Horseshoe Crab Hemolymph: Their Structures and Functions1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-81
2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81+92+642+2633, Fax: +81-92-642+2634, E-mail: skawascb{at}mbox.nc.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Invertebrate animals, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed defense systems, so-called innate immunity, that respond to common antigens on the surface of potential pathogens. One such defense system is involved in the cellular responses of horseshoe crab hemocytes to invaders. Hemocytes contain two types, large (L) and small (S), of secretory granules, and the contents of these granules are released in response to invading microbes via exocytosis. Recent biochemical and immunological studies on the granular components of L- and S-granules demonstrated that the two types of granules selectively store granule-specific proteins participating in the host defense systems. L-Granules contain all the clotting factors essential for hemolymph coagulation, protease inhibitors including serpins and cystatin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factor and several tachylectins with LPS binding and bacterial agglutinating activities. On the other hand, S-granules contain various new cysteine-rich basic proteins with antimicrobial or bacterial agglutinating activities, such as tachyplesins, big defensin, tachycitin, and tachystatins. The co-localization of these proteins in the granules and their release into the hemolymph suggest that they serve synergistically to construct an effective host defense system against invaders. Here, the structures and functions of these new types of defense molecules found in the Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) are reviewed.
1This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.
3Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-82.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  G. H. Dickinson, I. E. Vega, K. J. Wahl, B. Orihuela, V. Beyley, E. N. Rodriguez, R. K. Everett, J. Bonaventura, and D. Rittschof Barnacle cement: a polymerization model based on evolutionary concepts J. Exp. Biol., November 1, 2009; 212(21): 3499 - 3510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D.-D. Wu, G.-D. Wang, D. M Irwin, and Y.-P. Zhang A Profound Role for the Expansion of Trypsin-Like Serine Protease Family in the Evolution of Hematophagy in Mosquito Mol. Biol. Evol., October 1, 2009; 26(10): 2333 - 2341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Tanaka, N. S. Key, and J. H. Levy Blood Coagulation: Hemostasis and Thrombin Regulation Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2009; 108(5): 1433 - 1446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ariki, S. Takahara, T. Shibata, T. Fukuoka, A. Ozaki, Y. Endo, T. Fujita, T. Koshiba, and S.-i. Kawabata Factor C Acts as a Lipopolysaccharide-Responsive C3 Convertase in Horseshoe Crab Complement Activation J. Immunol., December 1, 2008; 181(11): 7994 - 8001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Matsuda, T. Koshiba, T. Osaki, H. Suyama, F. Arisaka, Y. Toh, and S.-i. Kawabata An Arthropod Cuticular Chitin-binding Protein Endows Injured Sites with Transglutaminase-dependent Mesh J. Biol. Chem., December 28, 2007; 282(52): 37316 - 37324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Matsuda, T. Osaki, T. Hashii, T. Koshiba, and S.-i. Kawabata A Cysteine-rich Protein from an Arthropod Stabilizes Clotting Mesh and Immobilizes Bacteria at Injury Sites J. Biol. Chem., November 16, 2007; 282(46): 33545 - 33552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Koshiba, T. Hashii, and S.-i. Kawabata A Structural Perspective on the Interaction between Lipopolysaccharide and Factor C, a Receptor Involved in Recognition of Gram-negative Bacteria J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2007; 282(6): 3962 - 3967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Sun The interaction between pathogens and the host coagulation system. Physiology, August 1, 2006; 21: 281 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wang and H. Jiang Interaction of beta-1,3-Glucan with Its Recognition Protein Activates Hemolymph Proteinase 14, an Initiation Enzyme of the Prophenoloxidase Activation System in Manduca sexta J. Biol. Chem., April 7, 2006; 281(14): 9271 - 9278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Zou and H. Jiang Manduca sexta Serpin-6 Regulates Immune Serine Proteinases PAP-3 and HP8: cDNA CLONING, PROTEIN EXPRESSION, INHIBITION KINETICS, AND FUNCTION ELUCIDATION J. Biol. Chem., April 8, 2005; 280(14): 14341 - 14348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Vergote, P.-E. Sautiere, F. Vandenbulcke, D. Vieau, G. Mitta, E. R. Macagno, and M. Salzet Up-regulation of Neurohemerythrin Expression in the Central Nervous System of the Medicinal Leech, Hirudo medicinalis, following Septic Injury J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 2004; 279(42): 43828 - 43837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ji, Y. Wang, X. Guo, S. Hartson, and H. Jiang A Pattern Recognition Serine Proteinase Triggers the Prophenoloxidase Activation Cascade in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta J. Biol. Chem., August 13, 2004; 279(33): 34101 - 34106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ariki, K. Koori, T. Osaki, K. Motoyama, K.-i. Inamori, and S.-i. Kawabata From the Cover: A serine protease zymogen functions as a pattern-recognition receptor for lipopolysaccharides PNAS, January 27, 2004; 101(4): 953 - 958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Y. Lee, B. L. Lee, and K. Soderhall Processing of an Antibacterial Peptide from Hemocyanin of the Freshwater Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus J. Biol. Chem., February 28, 2003; 278(10): 7927 - 7933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Danielli, F. C. Kafatos, and T. G. Loukeris Cloning and Characterization of Four Anopheles gambiae Serpin Isoforms, Differentially Induced in the Midgut by Plasmodium berghei Invasion J. Biol. Chem., January 31, 2003; 278(6): 4184 - 4193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D.P. Dickinson SALIVARY (SD-TYPE) CYSTATINS: OVER ONE BILLION YEARS IN THE MAKING--BUT TO WHAT PURPOSE? Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, November 1, 2002; 13(6): 485 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Takehana, T. Katsuyama, T. Yano, Y. Oshima, H. Takada, T. Aigaki, and S. Kurata Overexpression of a pattern-recognition receptor, peptidoglycan-recognition protein-LE, activates imd/relish-mediated antibacterial defense and the prophenoloxidase cascade in Drosophila larvae PNAS, October 15, 2002; 99(21): 13705 - 13710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Osaki, N. Okino, F. Tokunaga, S. Iwanaga, and S.-i. Kawabata Proline-rich Cell Surface Antigens of Horseshoe Crab Hemocytes Are Substrates for Protein Cross-linking with a Clotting Protein Coagulin J. Biol. Chem., October 11, 2002; 277(42): 40084 - 40090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Suetake, T. Aizawa, N. Koganesawa, T. Osaki, Y. Kobashigawa, M. Demura, S.-i. Kawabata, K. Kawano, S. Tsuda, and K. Nitta Production and characterization of recombinant tachycitin, the Cys-rich chitin-binding protein Protein Eng. Des. Sel., September 1, 2002; 15(9): 763 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Fujitani, S.-i. Kawabata, T. Osaki, Y. Kumaki, M. Demura, K. Nitta, and K. Kawano Structure of the Antimicrobial Peptide Tachystatin A J. Biol. Chem., June 21, 2002; 277(26): 23651 - 23657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Takaki, N. Seki, S.-i. Kawabata, S. Iwanaga, and T. Muta Duplicated Binding Sites for (1right-arrow3)-beta -D-Glucan in the Horseshoe Crab Coagulation Factor G. IMPLICATIONS FOR A MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE PATTERN RECOGNITION IN INNATE IMMUNITY J. Biol. Chem., April 12, 2002; 277(16): 14281 - 14287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Destoumieux-Garzon, D. Saulnier, J. Garnier, C. Jouffrey, P. Bulet, and E. Bachere Crustacean Immunity. ANTIFUNGAL PEPTIDES ARE GENERATED FROM THE C TERMINUS OF SHRIMP HEMOCYANIN IN RESPONSE TO MICROBIAL CHALLENGE J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2001; 276(50): 47070 - 47077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sheehan, M. Templer, M. Gregory, R. Hanumanthaiah, D. Troyer, T. Phan, B. Thankavel, and P. Jagadeeswaran Demonstration of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in teleostei: Identification of zebrafish coagulation factor VII PNAS, July 17, 2001; 98(15): 8768 - 8773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-i. Inamori, K. Koori, C. Mishima, T. Muta, and S.-i. Kawabata A horseshoe crab receptor structurally related to Drosophila Toll Innate Immunity, October 1, 2000; 6(5): 397 - 399. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Cole, R. O. Darouiche, D. Legarda, N. Connell, and G. Diamond Characterization of a Fish Antimicrobial Peptide: Gene Expression, Subcellular Localization, and Spectrum of Activity Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., August 1, 2000; 44(8): 2039 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Danielli, T. G. Loukeris, M. Lagueux, H.-M. Muller, A. Richman, and F. C. Kafatos A modular chitin-binding protease associated with hemocytes and hemolymph in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae PNAS, June 20, 2000; 97(13): 7136 - 7141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Ridge, E. J. Paus, T. J. Novitsky, and P. A. Ketchum Reversible binding of heparin to the loop peptide of endotoxin neutralizing protein Innate Immunity, February 1, 2000; 6(1): 17 - 23. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Y. Lee, R. Wang, and K. Soderhall A Lipopolysaccharide- and beta -1,3-Glucan-binding Protein from Hemocytes of the Freshwater Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND cDNA CLONING J. Biol. Chem., January 14, 2000; 275(2): 1337 - 1343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Nagai, S.-i. Kawabata, F. Shishikura, and H. Sugita Purification, Characterization, and Amino Acid Sequence of an Embryonic Lectin in Perivitelline Fluid of the Horseshoe Crab J. Biol. Chem., December 31, 1999; 274(53): 37673 - 37678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Osaki, M. Omotezako, R. Nagayama, M. Hirata, S. Iwanaga, J. Kasahara, J. Hattori, I. Ito, H. Sugiyama, and S.-i. Kawabata Horseshoe Crab Hemocyte-derived Antimicrobial Polypeptides, Tachystatins, with Sequence Similarity to Spider Neurotoxins J. Biol. Chem., September 10, 1999; 274(37): 26172 - 26178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Fogaca, P. I. da Silva Jr., M. T. M. Miranda, A. G. Bianchi, A. Miranda, P. E. M. Ribolla, and S. Daffre Antimicrobial Activity of a Bovine Hemoglobin Fragment in the Tick Boophilus microplus J. Biol. Chem., September 3, 1999; 274(36): 25330 - 25334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gokudan, T. Muta, R. Tsuda, K. Koori, T. Kawahara, N. Seki, Y. Mizunoe, S. N. Wai, S. Iwanaga, and S.-i. Kawabata Horseshoe crab acetyl group-recognizing lectins involved in innate immunity are structurally related to fibrinogen PNAS, August 31, 1999; 96(18): 10086 - 10091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Hoffmann, F. C. Kafatos, C. A. Janeway Jr., and R. A. Ezekowitz Phylogenetic Perspectives in Innate Immunity Science, May 21, 1999; 284(5418): 1313 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Suetake, S. Tsuda, S.-i. Kawabata, K. Miura, S. Iwanaga, K. Hikichi, K. Nitta, and K. Kawano Chitin-binding Proteins in Invertebrates and Plants Comprise a Common Chitin-binding Structural Motif J. Biol. Chem., June 9, 2000; 275(24): 17929 - 17932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. I. Silva Jr., S. Daffre, and P. Bulet Isolation and Characterization of Gomesin, an 18-Residue Cysteine-rich Defense Peptide from the Spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana Hemocytes with Sequence Similarities to Horseshoe Crab Antimicrobial Peptides of the Tachyplesin Family J. Biol. Chem., October 20, 2000; 275(43): 33464 - 33470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Nagai and S.-i. Kawabata A Link between Blood Coagulation and Prophenol Oxidase Activation in Arthropod Host Defense J. Biol. Chem., September 15, 2000; 275(38): 29264 - 29267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kawasaki, T. Nose, T. Muta, S. Iwanaga, Y. Shimohigashi, and S.-i. Kawabata Head-to-Tail Polymerization of Coagulin, a Clottable Protein of the Horseshoe Crab J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 2000; 275(45): 35297 - 35301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-C. Chen, C.-H. Yen, M.-S. Yeh, C.-J. Huang, and T.-Y. Liu Biochemical Properties and cDNa Cloning of Two New Lectins from the Plasma of Tachypleus tridentatus. TACHYPLEUS PLASMA LECTIN 1 AND 2+ J. Biol. Chem., March 23, 2001; 276(13): 9631 - 9639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Nagai, T. Osaki, and S.-i. Kawabata Functional Conversion of Hemocyanin to Phenoloxidase by Horseshoe Crab Antimicrobial Peptides J. Biol. Chem., July 13, 2001; 276(29): 27166 - 27170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|