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J. Biochem, 2004, Vol. 135, No. 2 155-163
© 2004 The Japanese Biochemical Society

JB REVIEW

Glutamatergic Chemical Transmission: Look! Here, There, and Anywhere

Yoshinori Moriyama1,* and Akitsugu Yamamoto2

1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530; and 2 Department of Bio-Science, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga 526-0829

ABSTRACT

Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) is responsible for the active transport of L-glutamate in synaptic vesicles and thus plays an essential role in the glutamatergic chemical transmission in the central nervous system. VGLUT comprises three isoforms, VGLUT1, 2, and 3, and is a potential marker for the glutamatergic phenotype. Recent studies indicated that VGLUT is also expressed in non-neuronal cells, and localized with various organelles such as synaptic-like microvesicles in the pineal gland, and hormone-containing secretory granules in endocrine cells. L-Glutamate is stored in these organelles, secreted upon various forms of stimulation, and then acts as a paracrine-like modulator. Thus, VGLUTs highlight a novel framework of glutamatergic signaling and reveal its diverse modes of action.

FOOTNOTES

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81-86-251-7933, Fax: +81-86-251-7935, E-mail: moriyama{at}pheasant.pharm.okayama-u.ac.jp


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