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Journal of Biochemistry Advance Access first published online on September 17, 2009
This version published online on November 9, 2009
Journal of Biochemistry, doi:10.1093/jb/mvp149
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© The authors 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Role of Nrf2 and p62/ZIP in the Neurite Outgrowth by Carnosic Acid in PC12h Cells.

Kunio Kosaka*, Junsei Mimura§, Ken Itoh§, Takumi Satoh{dagger}, Yosuke Shimojo*, Chieko Kitajima*, Atsushi Maruyama§, Masayuki Yamamoto{ddagger} and Takuji Shirasawa

* Research and Development Center, Nagase & Co., Ltd., 2-2-3, Kobe 651-2241, Japan
§ Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
{dagger} Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8551 Japan
{ddagger} Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
¶ Department of Ageing Control, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

Address corresponding author to: Kunio Kosaka, Nagase & Co., 2-2-3, Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe-City, Hyogo Prefecture, 651-2241 Japan, TEL: +81-78-992-3162, FAX: +81-78-992-1050, E-mail: kunio.kosaka{at}nagase.co.jp

Received August 22, 2009; Accepted August 31, 2009


  Abstract

Neurotrophins such as NGF promote neuronal survival and differentiation via the cell surface TrkA neurotrophin receptor. Compounds with neurotrophic actions that are low in molecular weight and can permeate the blood-brain barrier are promising therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Carnosic acid (CA), an electrophilic compound in rosemary, activates antioxidant responsive element (ARE)-mediated transcription via activation of Nrf2. In the present study, we discovered that CA strongly promotes neurite outgrowth of PC12h cells. NGF as well as CA activated Nrf2, whereas CA and NGF-mediated neuronal differentiation was suppressed by Nrf2 knockdown. On the other hand, CA activated TrkA-downstream kinase Erk1/2 independently of Nrf2. CA induced p62/ZIP expression in an Nrf2-dependent manner, while the CA-induced neural differentiation was suppressed by p62/ZIP knockdown. Furthermore, CA-induced ARE activation was attenuated both by p62/ZIP knockdown and a Trk signal inhibitor. These results suggest that the CA induction of p62/ZIP by Nrf2 enhances TrkA signaling which subsequently potentiates Nrf2 pathway. This is the first demonstration that activation of the Nrf2-p62/ZIP pathway by a low-molecular natural electrophilic compound plays important roles in TrkA-mediated neural differentiation and may represent the common molecular mechanism for neurotrophic activities of electrophilic compounds.

Key Words: carnosic acid, rosemary, Nrf2, p62, PC12


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