J. Biochem, 1997, Vol. 121, No. 5 969-973
© 1997 Japanese Biochemical Society
research-article |
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate, a Bioactive Sphingolipid Abundantly Stored in Platelets, Is a Normal Constituent of Human Plasma and Serum1
*Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamanashi Medical University Tamaho-cho, Nakakoma-gun, Yamanashi 409-38
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98104, USA
1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +81-552-73-1111, Fax: +81-552-73-6713 E-mail: yatomiy{at}res.yamanashimed.ac.jp
Although sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-l-P) is reportedly involved in diverse cellular processes and the physiological roles of this bioactive sphingolipid have been strongly suggested, few studies have revealed the presence of Sph-l-P in human samples, including body fluids and cells, under physiological conditions. In this study, we identified Sph-l-P as a normal constituent of human plasma and serum. The Sph-l-P levels in plasma and serum were 191ą79 and 484ą82 pmol/ml (meanąSD, n=8), respectively. Furthermore, when Sph-l-P was measured in paired plasma and serum samples obtained from 6 healthy adults, the serum Sph-1-P/plasma Sph-l-P ratio was found to be 2.65ą1.26 (meanąSD). It is most likely that the source of discharged Sph-l-P during blood clotting is platelets, because platelets abundantly store Sph-l-P compared with other blood cells, and release part of their stored Sph-l-P extracellularly upon stimulation. We also studied Sph-l-P-related metabolism in plasma. [3H]Sph was stable and not metabolized at all in plasma, but was rapidly incorporated into platelets and metabolized mainly to Sph-l-P in platelet-rich plasma. [3H]Sph-l-P was found to be unchanged in plasma, revealing that plasma does not contain the enzymes needed for Sph-l-P degradation. In summary, platelets can convert Sph into Sph-l-P, and are storage sites for the latter in the blood. In view of the diverse biological effects of Sph-l-P, the release of Sph-l-P from activated platelets may be involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including thrombosis, hemostasis, atherosclerosis and wound healing.
1This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.
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J. R. Van Brocklyn, Z. Tu, L. C. Edsall, R. R. Schmidt, and S. Spiegel Sphingosine 1-Phosphate-induced Cell Rounding and Neurite Retraction Are Mediated by the G Protein-coupled Receptor H218 J. Biol. Chem., February 19, 1999; 274(8): 4626 - 4632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Li, W. K. Wilson, and G. J. Schroepfer , Jr. Chemical synthesis of D-ribo-phytosphingosine-1- phosphate, a potential modulator of cellular processes J. Lipid Res., January 1, 1999; 40(1): 117 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. L. MacDonell, D. L. Severson, and W. R. Giles Depression of excitability by sphingosine 1-phosphate in rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1998; 275(6): H2291 - H2299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-J. Lee, S. Thangada, C. H. Liu, B. D. Thompson, and T. Hla Lysophosphatidic Acid Stimulates the G-protein-coupled Receptor EDG-1 as a Low Affinity Agonist J. Biol. Chem., August 21, 1998; 273(34): 22105 - 22112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Memon, W. M. Holleran, A. H. Moser, T. Seki, Y. Uchida, J. Fuller, J. K. Shigenaga, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold Endotoxin and Cytokines Increase Hepatic Sphingolipid Biosynthesis and Produce Lipoproteins Enriched in Ceramides and Sphingomyelin Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 1998; 18(8): 1257 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Van Brocklyn, M.-J. Lee, R. Menzeleev, A. Olivera, L. Edsall, O. Cuvillier, D. M. Thomas, P. J.P. Coopman, S. Thangada, C. H. Liu, et al. Dual Actions of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate: Extracellular through the Gi-coupled Receptor Edg-1 and Intracellular to Regulate Proliferation and Survival J. Cell Biol., July 13, 1998; 142(1): 229 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Igarashi and T. Michel Agonist-modulated Targeting of the EDG-1 Receptor to Plasmalemmal Caveolae. eNOS ACTIVATION BY SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE AND THE ROLE OF CAVEOLIN-1 IN SPHINGOLIPID SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2000; 275(41): 32363 - 32370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Igarashi, S. G. Bernier, and T. Michel Sphingosine 1-Phosphate and Activation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase. DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF Akt AND MAP KINASE PATHWAYS BY EDG AND BRADYKININ RECEPTORS IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS J. Biol. Chem., April 6, 2001; 276(15): 12420 - 12426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Ishii, B. Friedman, X. Ye, S. Kawamura, C. McGiffert, J. J. A. Contos, M. A. Kingsbury, G. Zhang, J. H. Brown, and J. Chun Selective Loss of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling with No Obvious Phenotypic Abnormality in Mice Lacking Its G Protein-coupled Receptor, LPB3/EDG-3 J. Biol. Chem., August 31, 2001; 276(36): 33697 - 33704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Igarashi and T. Michel Sphingosine 1-Phosphate and Isoform-specific Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase beta . EVIDENCE FOR DIVERGENCE AND CONVERGENCE OF RECEPTOR-REGULATED ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE SIGNALING PATHWAYS J. Biol. Chem., September 21, 2001; 276(39): 36281 - 36288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z.-Q. Jin, H.-Z. Zhou, P. Zhu, N. Honbo, D. Mochly-Rosen, R. O. Messing, E. J. Goetzl, J. S. Karliner, and M. O. Gray Cardioprotection mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate and ganglioside GM-1 in wild-type and PKCepsilon knockout mouse hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): H1970 - H1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ryu, N. Takuwa, N. Sugimoto, S. Sakurada, S. Usui, H. Okamoto, O. Matsui, and Y. Takuwa Sphingosine-1-Phosphate, a Platelet-Derived Lysophospholipid Mediator, Negatively Regulates Cellular Rac Activity and Cell Migration in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., February 22, 2002; 90(3): 325 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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